Yizhijiannao granules have been shown to improve cognitive function in Alzheimer’s disease patients. The present study sought to explore the mechanisms involved in the cognitive enhanc-ing effects ofYizhijiannao granule. Senescence-accelerated mouse prone 8 mice with learning and memory disorders were intragastrically treated withYizhijiannao granule for 8 weeks. Mice intragastrically treated with double distilled water for 8 weeks were considered as the control group. 2D gel electrophoresis was used to isolate total protein from the temporal lobe of senes-cence-accelerated mouse prone 8 mice, and differential protein spots were obtained by mass spectrometry. Thirty-seven differential protein spots were found in the temporal lobe area of both groups. Ten protein spots were identiifed: high mobility group box 1, dimethylarginine dimethylaminohydrolase-1, neuroglobin, hemoglobin beta adult major chain, peroxiredoxin-6, coiflin-1, lfotillin 1, peptidylprolyl isomerase A, voltage-dependent anion channel-2 and chap-eronin containing TCP1, and subunit 2. Among other functions, these proteins are separately involved in the regulation of amyloid beta production, oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, regulation of tau phosphorylation, and regulation of neuronal apoptosis. Our results revealed thatYizhijiannao granule can regulate the expression of various proteins in the temporal lobe of senescence-accelerated mouse prone 8 mice, and may be therapeutically beneifcial for the treat-ment of Alzheimer’s disease.
作者： 刊期： 2014年第13期
In the central nervous system, Asiaticoside has been shown to attenuatein vitro neuronal damage caused by exposure toβ-amyloid.In vivo studies demonstrated that Asiaticoside could attenu-ate neurobehavioral, neurochemical and histological changes in transient focal middle cerebral artery occlusion animals. In addition, Asiaticoside showed anxiolytic effects in acute and chronic stress animals. However, its potential neuroprotective properties in glutamate-induced excito-toxicity have not been fully studied. We investigated the neuroprotective effects of Asiaticoside in primary cultured mouse cortical neurons exposed to glutamate-induced excitotoxicity invoked by N-methyl-D-aspartate. Pretreatment with Asiaticoside decreased neuronal cell loss in a con-centration-dependent manner and restored changes in expression of apoptotic-related proteins Bcl-2 and Bax. Asiaticoside pretreatment also attenuated the upregulation of NR2B expression, a subunit of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors, but did not affect expression of NR2A subunits. Additionally, in cultured neurons, Asiaticoside significantly inhibited Ca2+ influx induced by N-methyl-D-aspartate. These experimental ifndings provide preliminary evidence that during excitotoxicity induced by N-methyl-D-aspartate exposure in cultured cortical neurons, the neu-roprotective effects of Asiaticoside are mediated through inhibition of calcium inlfux. Aside from its anti-oxidant activity, down-regulation of NR2B-containing N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors may be one of the underlying mechanisms in Asiaticoside neuroprotection.
作者： 刊期： 2014年第13期
Tongxinluo has been widely used in China for the treatment of acute stroke and for neu-roprotection. However, there are few positron emission tomography (PET) studies on the neuroprotective effect ofTongxinluo on cerebral ischemia/reperfusion in small animals. In the present study,Tongxinluosuperfine powder suspension or its vehicle was administered intragastrically to rats for 5 successive days before middle cerebral artery occlusion.18F-lfuo-rodeoxyglucose (FDG) small animal PET imaging showed that at 1 and 2 weeks after cerebral ischemia/reperfusion, glucose metabolism in the ischemic area was greater in rats that had receivedTongxinluo than in those that had received the vehicle. Nissl staining showed that 2 weeks after cerebral ischemia/reperfusion, there was less neuronal loss in the prefrontal cortex in Tongxinluo-treated rats than in controls. In addition,Tongxinluo-treated animals showed better neurologic function and lower cerebral infarct volume than rats that received the vehicle. These findings suggest thatTongxinluo exhibits neuroprotective effects in cerebral ischemia/reper-fusion injury and demonstrates that18F-FDG small animal PET imaging is a useful tool with which to study the molecular pharmacology of traditional Chinese medicine.
作者： 刊期： 2014年第13期
It remains unclear whether autophagy affects hippocampal neuronal injury in vascular dementia. In the present study, we investigated the effects of autophagy blockade on hippocampal neuro-nal injury in a rat model of vascular dementia. In model rats, hippocampal CA1 neurons were severely damaged, and expression of the autophagy-related proteins beclin-1, cathepsin B and microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 was elevated compared with that in sham-oper-ated animals. These responses were suppressed in animals that received a single intraperitoneal injection of wortmannin, an autophagy inhibitor, prior to model establishment. The present results conifrm that autophagy and autophagy-related proteins are involved in the pathological changes of vascular dementia, and that inhibition of autophagy has neuroprotective effects.
作者： 刊期： 2014年第13期
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) neurons in the preoptic area may undergo mor-phological changes during the pubertal period when their activities are upregulated. To clarify the regulatory mechanism of puberty onset, this study aimed to investigate the morphological changes of GnRH neurons in the preoptic area of GnRH-enhanced green lfuorescent protein transgenic rats. Under confocal laser microscopy, pubertal GnRH neurons exhibited an inverted Y distribution pattern. Prepubertal GnRH neurons were generally unipolar and bipolar, and were distinguished as smooth type cells with few small processes or irregular type cells with many spine-like processes in the proximal dendrites. The number of GnRH neurons in the preoptic area and spine-like processes were increased during the course of reproductive matu-ration. There was no signiifcant difference between male and female rats. Immunolfuorescence staining revealed synaptophysin punctae close to the distal end of GnRH neurons, indicating that some presynaptic terminals may form a synaptic linkage with these neurons.
作者： 刊期： 2014年第13期
Recent studies have demonstrated that Notch-1 expression is increased in the hippocampus of Alzheimer’s disease patients. We speculate that Notch-1 signaling may be involved in PC12 cell apoptosis induced by amyloid beta-peptide (25-35) (Aβ25-35). In the present study, PC12 cells were cultured with different doses (0, 0.1, 1.0, 10 and 100 nmol/L) of N-[N-(3,5-Dilfuorophen-acetyl)-L-alanyl]-S-phenylglycine t-butyl ester, a Notch-1 signaling pathway inhibitor, for 30 minutes. Then cultured cells were induced with Aβ25-35 for 48 hours. Pretreatment of PC12 cells with high doses of N-[N-(3,5-Dilfuorophenacetyl)-L-alanyl]-S-phenylglycine t-butyl ester (> 10 nmol/L) prolonged the survival of PC12 cells after Aβ25-35 induction, decreased the expression of apoptosis-related proteins caspase-3, -8, -9, increased the activity of oxidative stress-related su-peroxide dismutase and catalase, inhibited the production of active oxygen, and reduced nuclear factor kappa B expression. This study indicates that the Notch-1 signaling pathway plays a pivotal role in Aβ25-35-induced PC12 apoptosis.
作者： 刊期： 2014年第13期
作者： 刊期： 2014年第13期
Mammalian adult central nerve system (CNS) injuries are devastating because of the intrinsic dififculties for effective neuronal regeneration. The greatest problem to be overcome for CNS recovery is the poor regeneration of neurons and myelin-forming cells, oligodendrocytes. En-dogenous neural progenitors and transplanted exogenous neuronal stem cells can be the source for neuronal regeneration. However, because of the harsh local microenvironment, they usually have very low efifcacy for functional neural regeneration which cannot compensate for the loss of neurons and oligodendrocytes. Glial cells (including astrocytes, microglia, oligodendrocytes and NG2 glia) are the majority of cells in CNS that provide support and protection for neurons. Inside the local microenvironment, glial cells largely inlfuence local and transplanted neural stem cells survival and fates. This review critically analyzes current ifnding of the roles of glial cells in CNS regeneration, and highlights strategies for regulating glial cells’ behavior to create a permis-sive microenvironment for neuronal stem cells.
作者： 刊期： 2014年第13期
In this review, we outline the major neural plasticity mechanisms that have been identiifed in the adult central nervous system (CNS), and offer a perspective on how they regulate CNS function. In particular we examine how myelin plasticity can operate alongside neurogenesis and synaptic plasticity to inlfuence information processing and transfer in the mature CNS.
作者： 刊期： 2014年第13期
作者： 刊期： 2014年第13期
Motor function changes in the unaffected hand of stroke patients with hemiplegia. These chang-es are often ignored by clinicians owing to the extent of motor disability of the affected hand. Finger tapping frequency and Lind-mark hand function score showed that the motor function of unaffected hands in stroke patients was poorer than that of a healthy control hand. After 2 weeks of rehabilitation treatment, motor function of the unaffected hand of stroke patients was obviously improved. Therefore, attention should also be paid to motor function in the unaffect-ed hand of stroke patients with hemiplegia during rehabilitation.
作者： 刊期： 2014年第13期
作者： 刊期： 2014年第13期
作者： 刊期： 2014年第13期
作者： 刊期： 2014年第13期
