Objectives To establish a method for high yield mesenchymal stem cells collection, as well as a culture method for iden-tifying mesenchymal stem cells from the swine adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cell (ADMSC). Methods Swine AD-MSCs were isolated from fat tissue with collagenase, followed by induction of differentiation to osteogenic, adipogenic and chondrogrnic cells. The survival curve of the ADMSC at the 37oC and 38oC were measured using WST-1Cell Proliferation As-say Reagent. Result ADMSCs isolated with collagenase from swine neck fat tissue generated a stable uniform appearance af-ter the second generation. The passage period was five days. ADMSC could differentiate into osteogenic, adipogenic or chon-drogrnic cells under different culture conditions. The highest growth rate was achieved at 38oC in this study.Conclusion Swine ADMSCs have the potential to differentiate into osteogenic, adipogenic or chondrogrnic cells, and they may be appropriate for transplantation for both research and clinical purpose.

作者： 刊期： 2014年第02期

Objective The study is to identify the carrier rate of common deafness mutation in Chinese pregnant women via detecting deafness gene mutations with gene chip. Methods The pregnant women in obstetric clinic without hearing impairment and hearing disorders family history were selected. The informed consent was signed. Peripheral blood was taken to extract genom-ic DNA. Application of genetic deafness gene chip for detecting 9 mutational hot spot of the most common 4 Chinese deafness genes, namely GJB2 (35delG,176del16bp, 235delC, 299delAT), GJB3 (C538T) ,SLC26A4 ( IVS72A>G, A2168G) and mito-chondrial DNA 12S rRNA (A1555G, C1494T) . Further genetic testing were provided to the spouses and newborns of the screened carriers. Results Peripheral blood of 430 pregnant women were detected,detection of deafness gene mutation carri-ers in 24 cases(4.2%), including 13 cases of the GJB2 heterozygous mutation, 3 cases of SLC26A4 heterozygous mutation, 1 cases of GJB3 heterozygous mutation, and 1 case of mitochondrial 12S rRNA mutation. 18 spouses and 17 newborns took fur-ther genetic tests, and 6 newborns inherited the mutation from their mother. Conclusion The common deafness genes muta-tion has a high carrier rate in pregnant women group,235delC and IVS7-2A>G heterozygous mutations are common.

作者： 刊期： 2014年第02期

The acoustic startle response has been used to evaluate tinnitus and hyperacusis in animal models. Gap induced prepulse in-hibition of the acoustic startle reflex (gap-PPI) is affected by tinnitus and loudness changes. Since tinnitus and reduced sound tolerance are commonly seen in elderly, we measured gap-PPI in Fischer 344 rats, an aging related hearing loss model, at dif-ferent ages: 3-5 months, 9-12 months, and 15-17 months. The startle response was induced by three different intensity of sound:105, 95 and 85 dB SPL. Gap-PPI was induced by different duration of silent gaps from 1 to 100 ms. When the startle was induced by 105 dB SPL sound intensity, the gap-PPI induced by 50 ms silent gap was significantly lower than those in-duced by 25 or 100 ms duration, showing a“notch”in the gap-PPI function. The“notch”disappeared with the reduction of startle sound, suggesting the“notch”may be related with hyper-sensitivity to loud sound. As the intensity of the stimulus de-creased, the appearance of the hyperacusis-like effect decreased more quickly for the youngest group of rats. We also tested scopolamine, a muscarinic acetylcholine receptor antagonist, and mecamylamine, a nicotinic acetylcholine receptor antago-nist, on the effect of gap-PPI. When scopolamine was administered, the results indicated no addition effect on the hyperacu-sis-like phenomenon in the two older groups. Mecamylamine, the nicotinic antagonist also showed effects on the appearance of hyperacusis on rats in different ages. The information derived from the study will be fundamental for the further research in determining the cause and treatment for hyperacusis.

作者： 刊期： 2014年第02期

Objective To report outcomes of nonsurgical and surgical management of Menière's disease at Beijing Tiantan Hospital . Methods Patients with Menière's disease were categorized into groups based on hearing and quality of life. Individualized management was provided, including life style modification, drug therapies, endolymphatic sac decompression and labyrin-thectomy. Treatment outcomes were evaluated during up to 24 months follow up . Results Eighty seven patients under-went life style modification and drug therapies. The vertigo control rate of Grade A and B was 76.9% and 83.8% respec-tively. Six patients received surgical management, including endolymphatic sac decompression (n = 5) and labyrinthecto-my (n = 1) . For these patients, the vertigo control rate of Grade A and B was 80% and 100%, respectively. Conclu-Isions Management of Menière's disease depends on several factors, i.e. severities of vertigo and hearing loss, quality of life, surgical contraindications and patient subjective desire. The treatment is drug therapies for the majority of patients, as well as life style modification. Surgical indications are rare and the least invasive procedures should be considered first. The results of surgery are generally satisfying.

作者： 刊期： 2014年第02期

Objective To study characteristics of hearing loss after exposure to moderate noise exposure in C57BL/6J mice. Methods Male C57BL/6J mice with normal hearing at age of 5-6 weeks were chosen for this study. The mice were randomly selected to be studied immediately after exposure (Group P0), or 1 day (Group P1), 3 days (Group P3), 7 days (Group P7) or 14 days (P14) after exposure. Their before exposure condition served as the normal control. All mice were exposed to a broad-band white noise at 100 dB SPL for 2 hours, ABR thresholds were used to estimate hearing status at each time point. Results ABR threshold elevation was seen at every tested frequency at P0 (P<0.01). Elevation at high-frequencies (16 kHz and 32 kHz) was greater than at lower frequencies (4 kHz and 8 kHz, P<0.05). From P1 to P14, ABR thresholds continuously improved, and there was no significant difference between P14 and before exposure (P>0.05). Conclusion There is a frequency specific re-sponse to 100 dB SPL broad-band white noise in C57BL/6J mice, with the high-frequency being more susceptible. Hearing loss induced by moderate noise exposure appears reversible in C57BL/6J mice.

作者： 刊期： 2014年第02期

The pathophysiology of tinnitus is poorly understood and treatments are often unsuccessful. A number of animal models have been developed in order to gain a better understanding of tinnitus. A great deal has been learned from these models re-garding the electrophysiological and neuroanatomical correlates of tinnitus following exposure to noise or ototoxic drugs. Re-liable behavioral data is important for determining whether such electrophysiological or neuroanatomical changes are indeed related to tinnitus. Of the many documented tinnitus animal behavioral paradigms, the acoustic startle reflex had been pro-posed as a simple method to identify the presence or absence of tinnitus. Several behavioral models based on conditioned re-sponse suppression paradigms have also been developed. In addition to determining the presence or absence of tinnitus, some of the behavioral paradigms have provided signs of the onset, frequency, and intensity of tinnitus in animals. Although none of these behavioral models have been proved to be a perfect model, these studies provide useful information on understanding the neural mechanisms underlying tinnitus.

作者： 刊期： 2014年第02期

Fragile X syndrome is the most common form of inherited mental retardation affecting up to 1 in 4000 individuals. The syn-drome is induced by a mutation in the FMR1 gene, causing a deficiency in its gene by-product FMRP. Impairment in the nor-mal functioning of FMRP leads to learning and memory deficits and heightened sensitivity to sensory stimuli, including sound (hyperacusis). The molecular basis of fragile X syndrome is thoroughly understood;however, the neural mechanisms underly-ing hyperacusis have not yet been determined. As the inferior colliculus (IC) is the principal midbrain nucleus of the auditory pathway, the current study addresses the questions underlying the neural mechanism of hyperacusis within the IC of fragile X mice. Acute experiments were performed in which electrophysiological recordings of the IC in FMR1-KO and WT mice were measured. Results showed that Q-values for WT were significantly larger than that of FMR-1 KO mice, indicating that WT mice exhibit sharper tuning curves than FMR1-KO mice. We also found the ratio of the monotonic neurons in the KO mice was much higher than the WT mice. These results suggest that lack of FMRP in the auditory system affects the developmental maturation and function of structures within the auditory pathway, and in this case specifically the IC. The dysfunction ob-served within the auditory neural pathway and in particular the IC may be related to the increased susceptibility to sound as seen in individuals with fragile X syndrome. Our study may help on understanding the mechanisms of the fragile X syndrome and hyperacusis.

作者： 刊期： 2014年第02期

Cochlear outer hair cells (OHCs) are involved in a mechanical feedback loop in which the fast somatic motility of OHCs is required for cochlear amplification. Alternatively, amplification is thought to arise from active hair bundle movements ob-served in non-mammalian hair cells. We measured the voltage-evoked hair bundle motions in the gerbil cochlea to determine if such movements are also present in mammalian OHCs. The OHCs displayed a large hair bundle movement that was not based on mechanotransducer channels but based on somatic motility. Significantly, bundle movements were able to generate radial motion of the tectorial membrane in situ. This result implies that the motility-associated hair bundle motion may be part of the cochlear amplifier.

作者： 刊期： 2014年第02期

作者： 刊期： 2014年第02期

It is known that aminoglycoside antibiotics can damage the vestibular and auditory sensory epithelia, and the loop diuretics can enhance the ototoxic effect of aminoglycosides. Previous studies on the synergistic effect of these two types of drugs have used mice, guinea pigs and cats, but not rats. The aim of this study was to determine this synergistic effects in rat cochleae. Rats received intravenous injections of different doses of furosemide and/or intramuscular injections of kanamycin sulfate. Au-ditory brainstem response (ABR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and immunocytochemistry were used to determine the effects of drug administration. In the group receiving combined administration of furosemide and kanamycin, the ABR thresh-old showed significant elevation 3 days after drug administration, greater than single drug administration. The hair cells showed various degrees of injury from the apical turn to the basal turn of the cochlea and from the outer hair cells to the inner hair cells. Neuron fibers of the hair cells showed significant loss 7 days after the drug administration, but the number of spiral ganglia did not decrease and supporting cells showed no signs of injury. Our study suggest that combined administration of fu-rosemide and kanamycin has an synergistic ototoxic effect, and can result in hair cell loss and hearing loss in rats.

作者： 刊期： 2014年第02期